Dr.Serhat Onur-Dr Selahattin Semiz<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Afrika ve a\u00e7l\u0131k<\/strong>, yan yana g\u00f6rmeye \u00e7ok al\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz iki kelime. Kara talihli kara k\u0131ta<\/strong>n\u0131n kendimizi bildik bileli u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, san\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on y\u0131llar boyunca da u\u011fra\u015faca\u011f\u0131, fakat kendi tedavi y\u00f6ntemleri ile ba\u015f edemeyece\u011fi a\u015fik\u00e2r olan a\u00e7l\u0131k hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>, maalesef kendini \u201cmodern d\u00fcnya\u201d<\/strong>diye adland\u0131ran 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n medeni \u00fclkeleri taraf\u0131ndan da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclecek gibi durmuyor. Afrika\u2019ya defalarca sa\u011fl\u0131k yard\u0131mlar\u0131 amac\u0131yla giden biz g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerin edindi\u011fi izlenim de, geli\u015fmi\u015f Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Afrika\u2019daki a\u00e7l\u0131k ve g\u0131da sorunlar\u0131na g\u00f6stermelik ve g\u00fcn\u00fc kurtaran projeler ile yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u0131da sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eu ana kadar sa\u011fl\u0131k yard\u0131mlar\u0131 amac\u0131yla 12 kez gitti\u011fimiz Afrika\u2019da, sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 ile g\u0131da sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Yetersiz beslenme nedeniyle Afrikal\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar y\u0131l\u0131n 160 g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc hasta ge\u00e7irmektedir. Her 5 saniyede 10 ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131nda 1 \u00e7ocuk a\u00e7l\u0131k nedeniyle \u00f6lmekte, her y\u0131l a\u00e7l\u0131k nedeniyle \u00f6len \u00e7ocuk say\u0131s\u0131 ise 5 milyonu bulmaktad\u0131r. BM G\u0131da ve Tar\u0131m \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (FAO) verilerine g\u00f6re 2006 \u2013 2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyada a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7eken insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 850 milyon iken, bu rakam 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda925 milyona y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Bu verilere g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyadaki her 7 ki\u015fiden birinin a\u00e7l\u0131kla imtihan oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute ) taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan GHI (k\u00fcresel a\u00e7l\u0131k indeksi) verilerine g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnyada ciddi \u015fekilde a\u00e7l\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olan \u00fclkelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da yer almaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Burundi, \u00c7ad, Eritre ve Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in ciddi derecede alarm veren \u00fclkelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Afrika\u2019da a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n nedenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00fcnyada a\u00e7l\u0131k oranlar\u0131 1995 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri giderek art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/strong>Afrika\u2019da yoksul insan say\u0131s\u0131 ise son 10 y\u0131lda 3 kat artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. BM\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu art\u0131\u015flarda, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin tar\u0131m\u0131 ihmal etmesi, 2008\u2019den beri artan k\u00fcresel ekonomik kriz ve bunlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olu\u015fan g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131ndaki anormal y\u00fckseli\u015f, \u00f6nemli rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re, tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131 % 100, pirin\u00e7 fiyatlar\u0131 % 110, m\u0131s\u0131r fiyatlar\u0131 ise % 63 oran\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ekonomik kriz nedeniyle BM D\u00fcnya G\u0131da Program\u0131n\u0131n 2008\u2019de 6 milyar dolar olan b\u00fct\u00e7esi ise 2011\u2019de 2,8 milyar dolara inmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00fcresel ekonomik kriz nedeniyle t\u00fcm geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler finansal kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131k ile sava\u015fmaya de\u011fil, krizin nedeni olan spek\u00fclat\u00f6rlere aktarmak \u00fczere finans piyasalar\u0131na ak\u0131tmay\u0131 tercih etmektedir! 1 milyara yak\u0131n a\u00e7 insan\u0131 de\u011fil, hedge fonlar\u0131 ve g\u00f6z\u00fc d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f spek\u00fclat\u00f6rleri beslemeyi tercih eden bu eko politik yap\u0131 da, her y\u0131l milyonlarca Afrikal\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fun a\u00e7l\u0131k nedeniyle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesinden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sorumludur. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, ABD\u2019de 1 y\u0131lda k\u00f6pek mamalar\u0131na harcanan parayla Afrika\u2019daki a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde halledilece\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n BM\u2019nin Afrika\u2019daki a\u00e7l\u0131kla ilgili ortaya koydu\u011fu sebeplerin yan\u0131nda, Afrika co\u011frafyas\u0131 ve iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n da bu trajedide \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r. Kuru iklim ve \u00e7orak toprak<\/strong> yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika \u00fclkelerinde s\u0131cakl\u0131k gece 23 derecenin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmezken g\u00fcnd\u00fczleri de 40 derecenin \u00fczerinde seyretmektedir. ABD Ulusal Bilim Akademisi\u2019nin tespitlerine g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyada \u0131s\u0131 ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n bir derece artmas\u0131; bu\u011fday, pirin\u00e7 ve m\u0131s\u0131r \u00fcretiminin % 10 azalmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirecektir. Kutuplardaki buz k\u00fctlesinin erimesi sebebiyle deniz seviyesi bir metre y\u00fckseldi\u011finde, pirin\u00e7 yeti\u015ftirilen Ganj ve Mekong deltalar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 su alt\u0131nda kalacakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla pirin\u00e7 \u00fcretimi de ayn\u0131 oranda azalacakt\u0131r. Sanayile\u015fmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 sera gazlar\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tetikledi\u011fi k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n d\u00fcnya ekosistemini de\u011fi\u015ftirmesiyle artan s\u0131cakl\u0131klar ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131na, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da kurakl\u0131k ve a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa sebep olmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u0131l Somali\u2019de ya\u015fanan dram bunun en ac\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yeni bir tehlike: Biyoyak\u0131t<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Di\u011fer bir tehlike ise, Afrika ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnyadaki ekilebilir arazilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n biyoyak\u0131t \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclke, Afrikal\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7are olabilecek topraklar\u0131, biyoyak\u0131t \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in sat\u0131n almaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00c7in, Kongo\u2019da biyoyak\u0131t \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in 2,8 milyon hektar toprak sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Trafi\u011fe \u00e7\u0131kan her 20 ara\u00e7 0,4 hektar tar\u0131m arazisini yok etmektedir. Afrika\u2019da a\u00e7l\u0131k nedeniyle her g\u00fcn binlerce \u00e7ocuk \u00f6l\u00fcrken son model arabalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n depolar\u0131n\u0131 doldurabilmek i\u00e7in Afrikal\u0131n\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131na, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da ekme\u011fine g\u00f6z dikmemiz ne b\u00fcy\u00fck bir paradokstur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Biyoyak\u0131t, son d\u00f6nemdeki g\u0131da maddeleri fiyatlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli nedeni olarak g\u00f6steriliyor. Biyoyak\u0131t \u00fcretiminden daha fazla gelir elde eden \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, m\u0131s\u0131r, kolza, ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, soya vb. biyoyak\u0131t \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan bitkilerin ekimine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k veriyorlar. Piyasaya arz\u0131 azalan temel g\u0131da maddelerinin fiyat\u0131 t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada giderek art\u0131yor. Bu durum zengin \u00fclkelerde aile b\u00fct\u00e7esinden g\u0131daya ayr\u0131lan pay\u0131n artmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelirken, yoksul \u00fclkelerde a\u00e7l\u0131k ve k\u0131tl\u0131k tehlikesi anlam\u0131na geliyor. Aile b\u00fct\u00e7esinden g\u0131daya ayr\u0131lan pay, yoksullu\u011fun en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergelerinden biridir. \u0130\u015fte bu oran \u201c\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkeleri\u201d ad\u0131 verilen \u00fclkelerde % 80 ile 90 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Zaten neredeyse gelirinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 beslenmeye ay\u0131ran, kar\u0131n toklu\u011funa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan insanlar zengin \u00fclkelerin biyoyak\u0131t i\u015ftah\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden a\u00e7 kal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Politik bir problem: G\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcm felaketlere ra\u011fmen d\u00fcnyada herkesi doyuracak kadar besinin olmas\u0131 ise madalyonun \u00f6b\u00fcr y\u00fcz\u00fcd\u00fcr. FAO\u2019ya g\u00f6re d\u00fcnya tar\u0131m\u0131 bug\u00fcn 30 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine g\u00f6re ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 % 17 oran\u0131nda daha fazla kalori \u00fcretmektedir. Bir insan\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ihtiyac\u0131 2 bin 500 kalori olup, \u015fu anda d\u00fcnya tar\u0131m \u00fcretimi ise g\u00fcnl\u00fck ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 2 bin 720 kaloridir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131l\u0131rsa d\u00fcnya tar\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hedefine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilirse de, 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131k sebebiyle 35 \u00fclkede ayaklanmalar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finden ne kadar uzak oldu\u011fumuzun g\u00f6stergesidir. Zira g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tar\u0131msal bir problemden \u00e7ok politik bir problemdir. D\u00fcnya tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminin ve t\u00fcketiminin dengeli da\u011f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fini zedeleyen en b\u00fcy\u00fck etkendir. D\u00fcnyada 1 milyara yak\u0131n insan a\u00e7l\u0131k ile m\u00fccadele ederken, bir o kadar insan\u0131n da obezite ile m\u00fccadele ediyor olmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dclkeler aras\u0131 sava\u015flar, i\u00e7 sava\u015f ve siyasi istikrar yoklu\u011fu Afrika\u2019n\u0131n politik sorunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmakla birlikte, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da kritik bir \u00f6nem te\u015fkil etmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00f6lgelerdir<\/strong>. \u00d6zellikle yo\u011fun i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika, yetersiz beslenmenin en yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lge olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan yayg\u0131nla\u015fan \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu g\u00f6\u00e7ler, g\u0131da k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 riskini artt\u0131rmakta ve \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl k\u0131tl\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong> K\u0131rsal kesimdeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, toplu g\u00f6\u00e7leri te\u015fvik etmekte; i\u015fsizlik, yayg\u0131n su\u00e7 oran\u0131 ve \u00e7evresel krizlerle birlikte salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k riski art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermektedir. Kronik g\u0131da emniyetsizli\u011fi<\/strong> i\u00e7indeki insanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen gelirin \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Gelir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler kategorisinin belirleyici \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. FAO, mevcut veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 36 \u201caz geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclke\u201d halk\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k % 40\u2019\u0131n\u0131n her gece a\u00e7 yatmakta oldu\u011funu tahmin etmektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u0131da yetersizli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k problemleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nijer ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019daki insanlar\u0131n % 80\u2019i do\u011fumlar\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcmlerine kadar tek tip g\u0131da ile beslenmektedir. \u00dclkemizde ku\u015fyemi olarak bilinen ve bir t\u00fcr tah\u0131l olan milet <\/strong>Sahraalt\u0131 Afrikal\u0131n\u0131n tek g\u0131das\u0131d\u0131r. Bu tarz proteinden fakir beslenme sonucunda enfeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131, geli\u015fme gerili\u011fi, gastrointestinal sistem bozukluklar\u0131, n\u00f6rolojik patolojiler, destek dokular\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 inguinal-umblikalherniler, \u00fcriner sistem ta\u015flar, katarakt ve daha bir \u00e7ok hastal\u0131\u011fa davetiye \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Afrika\u2019da \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocuklarda s\u0131k g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz mesane ta\u015flar\u0131<\/strong>na, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde hemen hemen hi\u00e7 rastlanmamaktad\u0131r. Fosfat i\u00e7eri\u011fi \u00e7ok fakir olan milet ile beslenmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcriner amonyum at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeylere \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve i\u00e7me suyu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla olu\u015fan kronik dehidratasyon, pediyatrik mesane ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedenidir. \u015eu ana dek Nijer ve Mali\u2019de 5 ya\u015f alt\u0131 63 \u00e7ocu\u011fa mesane ta\u015f\u0131 operasyonu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f bulunmaktay\u0131z. Mesane ta\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi Afrikal\u0131n\u0131n g\u0131da \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini artt\u0131r\u0131p i\u00e7me suyu problemini \u00e7\u00f6zmek, \u00e7ocukluk d\u00f6nemi mesane ta\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclme insidans\u0131n\u0131 olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Di\u011fer bir s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sa\u011fl\u0131k problemi, yetersiz beslenmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 destek dokular\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131yla olu\u015fan \u0130nguinal ve Umblikal Hernilerdir. Afrika\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131k seferlerinde en s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sa\u011fl\u0131k problemlerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda bu t\u00fcr herniler gelmektedir. \u00dclkemizdeki vakalarla k\u0131yaslay\u0131nca ileri derecede b\u00fcy\u00fck ve komplike hernisi olan hastalar\u0131n her seferinde 100-120 civar\u0131 hastay\u0131 opere ederken, y\u00fczlerce hastaya 6 ay sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fimiz bir dahaki sefere randevu vermek zorunda kal\u0131yoruz. \u015eu ana kadar 806 herni vakas\u0131n\u0131 ameliyat etmi\u015f bulunmaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Katarakt ise, Afrika\u2019da en s\u0131k g\u00f6zlenen g\u00f6z hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Yetersiz beslenme ve g\u00fcne\u015fin zararl\u0131 UV \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 Afrika\u2019daki en \u00f6nemli katarakt sebepleridir. 30 \u2013 40 y\u0131ld\u0131r katarakt nedeniyle g\u00f6remeden ya\u015fayan milyonlarca Afrikal\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Biz de g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler olarak 2207 hastan\u0131n katarakt ameliyat\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mesane ta\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi, Afrikal\u0131n\u0131n besin \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini artt\u0131r\u0131p \u00f6zellikle protein a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 beslenmeyi sa\u011flamam\u0131z bile, herni ve katarakt ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok sa\u011fl\u0131k sorununun g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olduk\u00e7a a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lara \u00e7ekecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Afrika\u2019da su sorunu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u0131da sorunu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sorunu da su sorunudur. Hayat\u0131n, tar\u0131m\u0131n ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n olmazsa olmaz\u0131 su, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunudur. Suyun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde ne hijyenden, ne sa\u011fl\u0131ktan, ne ziraattan ne de hayvanc\u0131l\u0131ktan bahsedebiliriz. Su yoksa en iyi tohum ve g\u00fcbrenin, son derece geli\u015fmi\u015f zirai tekniklerin hi\u00e7bir anlam\u0131 kalmamaktad\u0131r. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n i\u015flenebilir topraklar\u0131n\u0131n % 93\u2019\u00fc \u00fczerindeki zirai faaliyet, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede istikrars\u0131z olan ya\u011f\u0131\u015flara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong>Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu faaliyet ciddi \u015fekilde kurakl\u0131k riskine maruz kalmaktad\u0131r. Hedef, az suyla \u00e7ok verimin al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tar\u0131msal faaliyetleri desteklemek olmal\u0131d\u0131r ki, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler olarak bu konudaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131z da devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Afrikal\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131mdaki su ihtiyac\u0131ndan da \u00f6ncelik ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u00e7me suyu ihtiyac\u0131 maalesef had safhadad\u0131r. Afrikal\u0131 kad\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 suya ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in harcamaktad\u0131r. \u0130ki kova i\u00e7me suyu i\u00e7in 40 derecenin \u00fczerindeki s\u0131cakl\u0131kta onlarca km yol y\u00fcr\u00fcyen \u00e7ileke\u015f Afrikal\u0131, suyun i\u00e7inde susuzluk \u00e7ekmektedir. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n 3. b\u00fcy\u00fck nehri olan Nijer Nehri\u2019nin 500 metre k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Afrikal\u0131 dahi, i\u00e7me suyu problemi ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7me suyunun olmamas\u0131 da bir\u00e7ok hastal\u0131\u011fa davetiye \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131k yard\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in gitti\u011fimiz Afrika\u2019daki bu drama seyirci kalmamak i\u00e7in \u015fu ana kadar 43 tane su kuyusu a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Afrika\u2019da a\u00e7l\u0131k ve g\u0131da emniyetsizli\u011finin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7lerin d\u00fczenlenmesi, \u00fclkenin yer alt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n verimli de\u011ferlendirilmesi, ekonomik geli\u015fme ve b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin temeli olan tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fimi \u00f6ncelikli konular aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Afrika\u2019daki h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin b\u00fct\u00e7elerinden ziraata ayr\u0131lan pay, 1990 \u2013 1991 de % 5 civar\u0131ndan, 2001\u2019de % 3,5\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Temmuz 2003\u2019teki \u201cMaputo Deklarasyonu\u201d<\/strong>nda, Afrikal\u0131 devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131, be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ulusal b\u00fct\u00e7elerinin % 10\u2019unu ziraat ve k\u0131rsal kalk\u0131nmaya tahsis etmek konusunda anla\u015fm\u0131\u015flarsa da, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde bu pay\u0131n ayr\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemekteyiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Afrikal\u0131n\u0131n g\u0131da \u00e7e\u015fitli\u011fini artt\u0131rman\u0131n bir yolu da, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle protein y\u00f6n\u00fcnden fakir beslenen Afrikal\u0131 i\u00e7in hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi, hem bir ge\u00e7im kap\u0131s\u0131 hem de sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ya\u015fam demektir. T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi ve Kalk\u0131nma \u0130daresi (T\u0130KA) taraf\u0131ndan Sudan\u2019\u0131n El Cezire Eyaleti\u2019nde a\u00e7\u0131lan Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ilk gen merkezi, bu faaliyetlere en g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerdendir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir maliyetle \u00fcst\u00fcn bo\u011falar kullanarak melezleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 merkezde, hem Sudan\u2019\u0131n yerli hayvan t\u00fcrleri korunacak hem de et ve s\u00fct a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fcst\u00fcn verimli hayvanlar yeti\u015ftirilecek. G\u0131da ve ya\u015fam g\u00fcvenirli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme sahip olan proje, ayn\u0131 zamanda tar\u0131m\u0131n ekonomik getirisini y\u00fckseltecek gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. K\u0131sa vadede, Afrikal\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere toprak sulama, toprak koruma ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131n\u0131 kesen ve topraktaki nem miktar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckselten, ya\u011fmurlu mevsimlerde k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yeti\u015fen \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin saptanmas\u0131, ekilmesi, bi\u00e7ilmesi ve korunmas\u0131 gibi konularda e\u011fitim vermek \u00e7ok iyi bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ne yapabilir?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bizler G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler Platformu<\/strong> ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Kutup Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcleri ve B\u0130SEG Derne\u011fi (Bir \u0130nsan D\u00fcnyaya Bedeldir Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve E\u011fitim G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcleri Derne\u011fi) ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok STK\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fbirli\u011fi ile Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da en yoksul \u00fclkelerden biri olan Nijer \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131k. Bu arada g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn yetti\u011fi kadar Burkina-Faso, Somali ve Mali ile de ilgilenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Bu \u00fclkelere \u00f6ncelikli olarak sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkileyen sosyal sorunlar\u0131 da k\u0131smen d\u00fczeltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Bir grup sa\u011fl\u0131k g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcs\u00fc arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z muayene, tedavi ve operasyonlarla ilgilenirken, di\u011fer grup sosyal hizmet g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerimiz de sosyal sorunlar\u0131 tespit etmek ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmekle ilgilendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u00e7me suyu kuyular\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu ba\u011flamda tespit etti\u011fimiz en \u00f6nemli sorunlardan biri, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 i\u00e7me suyunun olmamas\u0131 idi. \u0130nsanlar kilometrelerce uzaklardaki kuyulardan, saatlerce s\u00fcren yolculuklarla kovalar ve g\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlerle zor \u015fartlarda su temin edebiliyorlard\u0131. Bir su kuyusu birka\u00e7 k\u00f6y taraf\u0131ndan ortakla\u015fa kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in yukar\u0131da da bahsetti\u011fimiz gibi, tespit edilen uygun yerlere Nijer \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a modern \u015fartlarda 43 adet kuyu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cKe\u00e7i Karde\u015f Aile Projesi\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir di\u011fer proje ise g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler olarak geli\u015ftirip, Afrikal\u0131ya \u201cbal\u0131k tutmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmeyi\u201d ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Ke\u00e7i Karde\u015f Aile Projesi. <\/strong>Nijer\u2019deki yerel y\u00f6netimler ve sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u015fbirli\u011fi ile tespit etti\u011fimiz \u00f6zellikle dul ve yetim ailelere, 2 di\u015fi ve 1 erkek ke\u00e7i ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 yapmaktay\u0131z. 6 ay gibi k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yavrulayan bu ke\u00e7iler, birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir s\u00fcr\u00fc haline gelmektedir. Et ve s\u00fct\u00fcyle g\u0131da ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 satarak da di\u011fer ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan Nijerli aileler i\u00e7in bu ke\u00e7iler b\u00fcy\u00fck umut olmu\u015ftur. \u015eu ana kadar 9 bin 280 ke\u00e7i da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015f bulunuyoruz ki, bu yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 bin Nijerlinin kimseye muhta\u00e7 olmadan, daha az hasta olarak, daha h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek ya\u015famas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bu ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n finansman\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki ailelerle ke\u00e7i ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Nijerli aileleri de karde\u015f aile yaparak, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda g\u00f6n\u00fcl ba\u011f\u0131 tesis etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cNijer-T\u00fcrk K\u00f6y\u00fc Projesi\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler olarak 11 kez gitti\u011fimiz Nijer\u2019de kurmay\u0131 planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, i\u00e7inde tam te\u015fekk\u00fcll\u00fc hastane, ebelik-hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k-zirai e\u011fitim merkezlerinden olu\u015fan Nijer-T\u00fcrk K\u00f6y\u00fc Projesi<\/strong>nde son a\u015famaya gelmi\u015f bulunmaktay\u0131z. B\u00f6lgenin iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na ve mimarisine uyumlu, T\u00fcrk mimarisinden de esintiler ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fimiz k\u00f6y\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda k\u00f6pr\u00fc olmas\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck hedefimiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu proje kapsam\u0131nda Nijer\u2019in en fakir b\u00f6lgelerinden olan ve ba\u015fkent Niamey\u2019e 780 km. uzakl\u0131ktaki Tesoua b\u00f6lgesinde 300 d\u00f6n\u00fcm arazi al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eu an bu b\u00f6lgeden getirdi\u011fimiz toprak \u00f6rneklerini incelettiriyor ve hangi tarz zirai \u00fcr\u00fcn yeti\u015ftirmeye m\u00fcsait oldu\u011funu saptamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz. Amac\u0131m\u0131z Nijer\u2019de zirai \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini artt\u0131rabilmek. Nihai hedefimiz ise kuraca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zirai e\u011fitim merkezinde Nijerli karde\u015flerimizi, sonunda sertifika verece\u011fimiz bir programla teorik ve pratik olarak e\u011fitip hem meslek sahibi olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak, hem de kendi k\u00f6yl\u00fclerini e\u011fiterek Afrika\u2019daki a\u00e7l\u0131k hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir nebze olsun merhem olmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ayn\u0131 kapsamda \u00e7ok verimsiz olan hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in, kuraca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k e\u011fitim merkezinde yine sertifika verebilece\u011fimiz bir programla, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den getirece\u011fimiz g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc veterinerler nezaretinde e\u011fitim vermeyi planlamaktay\u0131z. \u015eu an \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z konulardan biri, Nijer\u2019deki iklim ve co\u011frafya \u015fartlar\u0131nda kolayca ya\u015fay\u0131p h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falan ke\u00e7ilerden nas\u0131l daha \u00e7ok verim alabiliriz konusu. T\u00fcm bu projelerde Afrikal\u0131 yerel yetkililerle ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmak, hem projelerin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, hem de yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Son s\u00f6z<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u0131da problemi sadece insan odakl\u0131 projelerle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilir. Ama\u00e7 g\u00fcn\u00fcbirlik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler de\u011fil, kal\u0131c\u0131, istihdam yaratan, g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011fini \u00f6n planda tutan projeleri hayata ge\u00e7irmek olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in de \u00fclkemiz ba\u011flam\u0131nda, sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin kendi aralar\u0131nda ve devlet kurumlar\u0131 ile i\u015fbirli\u011fine gidip bir sinerji yaratarak, kara k\u0131tan\u0131n kara yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirecek projeleri birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeleri \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u201cmodern\u201d d\u00fcnyas\u0131, a\u00e7l\u0131ktan milyonlarca insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Afrika\u2019da, \u201cAfrikal\u0131y\u0131 nas\u0131l s\u00f6m\u00fcrebilirim?\u201d de\u011fil, \u201cAfrika\u2019y\u0131 nas\u0131l kalk\u0131nd\u0131rabilirim\u201d diyebilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/tasamafrika.org\/pdf\/yayinlar\/FloranceChenoweth-TR.pdf (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 21.10.2011)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/tasamafrika.org\/tr\/haberler\/265-13-afrika-birlii-zirvesi-ekonomik-bueyueme-ve-gda-guevenlii-icin-tarm-alannda-yatrm.html (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 21.10.2011)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/www.fao.org\/news\/story\/en\/item\/92495\/icode\/ (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 21.10.2011)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/www.gonulluler.info\/gonulluler-neler-yapar-\/afrika-ve-dunya\/23-keci-bagislari (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 21.10.2011)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/www.gonulluler.info\/gonulluler-neler-yapar-\/afrika-ve-dunya\/24-su-kuyulari (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 21.10.2011)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/www.ifpri.org\/publication\/2011-global-hunger-index (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 21.10.2011)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/www.nepad.org\/nepad\/knowledge\/doc\/1787\/maputo-declaration (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 21.10.2011)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n http:\/\/www.tika.gov.tr\/haber\/afrikanin-ilk-gen-merkezi-sudanda-kuruldu\/30 (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 21.10.2011)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Menon M, ResnickMI: Urolitiazis. Campbell\u2019s Urology, vol 4,8th ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders,2002<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Metin \u00dcNDER, \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve \u0130nsan Yap\u0131m\u0131 A\u00e7l\u0131k, EKOIQ ,Eyl\u00fcl- Ekim 2011, Say\u0131:11, s:24-27 <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Pablo SERVIGNE, Organik Tar\u0131m Gezegenimizi Doyuramaz m\u0131? \u0130magineDemain le Monde,85. EKOIQ, Eyl\u00fcl-Ekim 2011, Say\u0131:11, s:28-32 <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Razvi HA, et al: Management of vesicalcalculi. J. Endourology 1996; 10: 559-563<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Zahra NURU, Sahra Alt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da Sa\u011fl\u0131k Sorunlar\u0131 Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n Rol\u00fc Zorluklar ve F\u0131rsatlar, 2.Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrk-Afrika Kongresi 2006, \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yaz\u0131n\u0131n PDF versiyonuna ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in T\u0131klay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Aral\u0131k-Ocak-\u015eubat 2011-2012 tarihli Sa\u011fl\u0131k D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ve T\u0131p K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Dergisi, 21. say\u0131, s: 64-67\u2019den al\u0131nt\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Dr.Serhat Onur-Dr Selahattin Semiz Afrika ve a\u00e7l\u0131k, yan yana g\u00f6rmeye \u00e7ok al\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz iki kelime. Kara talihli kara k\u0131tan\u0131n kendimizi bildik bileli u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, san\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on [Devam\u0131]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":276,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/selahattinsemiz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/274","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/selahattinsemiz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/selahattinsemiz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selahattinsemiz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selahattinsemiz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=274"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/selahattinsemiz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/274\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":275,"href":"https:\/\/selahattinsemiz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/274\/revisions\/275"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selahattinsemiz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/276"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/selahattinsemiz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=274"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selahattinsemiz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=274"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selahattinsemiz.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=274"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}